{"id": "p1-001", "tier": "L1", "q": "FastAPI dependency injection tutorial", "gold_answer": "FastAPI dependency injection is documented in the official FastAPI tutorial under Dependencies: you declare dependencies with Depends() (and related patterns) so FastAPI resolves and injects them into path-operation parameters.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/reference/dependencies/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Dependencies - Depends() and Security() - FastAPI", "snippet": "FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The official FastAPI page says dependencies are handled with Depends(), which takes a callable that “FastAPI will call,” and demonstrates declaring it in a path-operation parameter using Annotated[..., Depends(common_parameters)].", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Classes as Dependencies - FastAPI", "snippet": "FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official FastAPI Tutorial’s Dependencies section explicitly discusses the “Dependency Injection system” and shows path-operation parameters declared with `Depends(common_parameters)`, whose resolved dictionary is received in the `commons` parameter.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Dependencies - FastAPI", "snippet": "FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official FastAPI Tutorial page says path-operation functions declare required “dependencies,” FastAPI provides/injects them, and demonstrates declaring a parameter with `Depends(common_parameters)`.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-002", "tier": "L1", "q": "Postgres JSONB GIN index documentation", "gold_answer": "PostgreSQL documents GIN indexes for JSONB (and related jsonb operators) in the official Postgres docs: GIN is commonly used to index JSONB for containment and key existence queries.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PostgreSQL: Documentation: 18: 65.4. GIN Indexes", "snippet": "65.4. GIN Indexes # 65.4.1. Introduction 65.4.2. Built-in Operator Classes 65.4.3. Extensibility 65.4.4. Implementation 65.4.5. GIN Tips and Tricks 65.4.6. Limitations …", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The PostgreSQL documentation lists GIN operator classes for jsonb. The default jsonb_ops indexes containment (@>) and key-existence operators (?, ?|, ?&), while jsonb_path_ops also supports containment.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/datatype-json.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PostgreSQL: Documentation: 9.4: JSON Types", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text says only that “jsonb also supports indexing.” It does not mention GIN indexes or their use for containment and key-existence queries.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/gin.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PostgreSQL: Documentation: 17: 64.4. GIN Indexes", "snippet": "64.4. GIN Indexes # 64.4.1. Introduction 64.4.2. Built-in Operator Classes 64.4.3. Extensibility 64.4.4. Implementation 64.4.5. GIN Tips and Tricks 64.4.6. Limitations …", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official PostgreSQL page lists GIN operator classes for jsonb. It shows jsonb_ops indexing containment (@>) and key-existence operators (?, ?|, ?&), with jsonb_path_ops also supporting containment.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-003", "tier": "L1", "q": "RFC 9110 HTTP semantics", "gold_answer": "RFC 9110 defines HTTP semantics (methods, status codes, headers, caching-related semantics) and is the current authoritative HTTP semantics specification on the RFC Editor / IETF stream.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/refs/ref9110.txt", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 123, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text only cites RFC 9110 with the title “HTTP Semantics” and publication details. It does not state that it defines methods, status codes, headers, and caching semantics or that it is the current authoritative specification.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "RFC 9110: HTTP Semantics", "snippet": "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document describes the overall architecture of HTTP, establishes common terminology, and defines aspects of the protocol that are shared by all versions. In this definition are core protocol elements, extensibility mechanisms, and the \"http\" and \"https\" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes. This document updates RFC 3864 and obsoletes RFCs 2818, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7235, 7538, 7615, 7694, and portions of 7230.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page identifies “RFC 9110: HTTP Semantics” as an IETF Standards Track document. Its contents explicitly cover methods, fields, status-related response semantics, and caches, while noting that it obsoletes the earlier HTTP semantics RFCs.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.xml", "evidence": "title_snippet", "title": "HTTP Semantics", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 0, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "Only the title “HTTP Semantics” is supplied; no snippet or page text states that RFC 9110 defines HTTP semantics or is the current authoritative specification.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-004", "tier": "L1", "q": "React useEffect cleanup function", "gold_answer": "In React, the cleanup function for an effect is the optional function returned from the useEffect callback; React runs it before re-running the effect and on unmount to cancel subscriptions/timers.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://react.dev/reference/react/useEffect", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "useEffect – React", "snippet": "The library for web and native user interfaces", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page says the setup callback may return a cleanup function, which React runs before setup when dependencies change and after DOM removal. Its example uses cleanup to disconnect a connection, matching cancellation of subscriptions/resources.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://legacy.reactjs.org/docs/hooks-effect.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Using the Effect Hook – React", "snippet": "A JavaScript library for building user interfaces", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The supplied text says some effects require cleanup and compares useEffect to componentWillUnmount, but it does not state that cleanup is a returned function run before re-runs and on unmount to cancel subscriptions or timers.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://simuratli.medium.com/cleaning-up-in-useeffect-why-its-important-and-how-to-do-it-right-react-js-tutorials-7cb9d2c705c0", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Attention Required! | Cloudflare", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 1986, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page says useEffect can return a cleanup function, which React calls when the component is about to unmount or before the effect runs again. It also mentions cleaning up network requests and event listeners.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-005", "tier": "L1", "q": "Kubernetes liveness vs readiness probe", "gold_answer": "In Kubernetes, a liveness probe decides whether to restart a container that is stuck; a readiness probe decides whether the Pod should receive Service traffic. They answer different questions and are configured separately.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-09-health-checks-liveness-vs-readiness/view", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "How to Implement Health Checks That Distinguish Between Liveness and Readiness", "snippet": "Learn how to implement health checks that properly distinguish between liveness and readiness in Kubernetes, ensuring your applications handle startup, runtime failures, and traffic routing correctly.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text says liveness failures make Kubernetes restart the container, while readiness failures remove the pod from service endpoints to stop traffic. It also describes them as distinct probes and demonstrates “properly separated health checks.”", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/liveness-readiness-startup-probes/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Liveness, Readiness, and Startup Probes | Kubernetes", "snippet": "Kubernetes lets you define probes to continuously monitor the health of containers in a Pod. A probe is a diagnostic performed periodically by the kubelet on a container. To perform a diagnostic, the kubelet either executes code within the container or makes a network request. Based on the probe results, Kubernetes can restart unhealthy containers or stop sending traffic to containers that are not ready.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.9, "rationale": "The snippet says probe results can cause Kubernetes to “restart unhealthy containers” or “stop sending traffic to containers that are not ready,” stating the respective liveness and readiness outcomes described in the gold answer.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/containers-kubernetes/kubernetes-best-practices-setting-up-health-checks-with-readiness-and-liveness-probes", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text says readiness probes control whether a Service sends traffic to a Pod, while liveness probes detect dead or hung apps and trigger replacement/restart. It explicitly presents them as two distinct health-check types with different uses.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-006", "tier": "L1", "q": "SQLite WAL mode concurrency", "gold_answer": "SQLite WAL (write-ahead logging) mode allows concurrent readers while a writer proceeds, with documented locking/checkpoint behavior in the official SQLite WAL documentation.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Write-Ahead Logging", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page states that in WAL mode “readers do not block writers and a writer does not block readers,” so reading and writing proceed concurrently. It also describes checkpointing, including automatic checkpoints and configurable checkpoint behavior.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.sqlite.org/walformat.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "WAL-mode File Format", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text discusses WAL files, concurrent-client coordination, locking protocols, and automatic checkpoints, but it does not state that readers can proceed concurrently with a writer.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://adhdecode.com/articles/sqlite/sqlite-wal-mode-explained/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "SQLite WAL Mode Explained: Concurrent Reads and Writes (2026) | ADHDecode", "snippet": "Free courses, articles, and roadmaps that skip the fluff. Short paragraphs, real analogies, and clear structure — so explanations actually stick.", "text_chars": 4971, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page says WAL “allows readers to access the database while a writer is actively modifying it,” explains consistent reader snapshots, and describes checkpointing changed WAL pages back into the main database.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-007", "tier": "L1", "q": "Cloudflare Workers KV limits", "gold_answer": "Cloudflare Workers KV documents product limits (key/value size, request rates, eventual consistency characteristics) in the official Cloudflare Workers KV limits documentation.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://developers.cloudflare.com/kv/api/write-key-value-pairs/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Write key-value pairs · Cloudflare Workers KV docs", "snippet": "Store data in a Workers KV namespace using the put() method, with options for expiration and metadata.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page states key/value size limits and eventual-consistency behavior, but the supplied text does not state request-rate limits and is a “Write key-value pairs” page rather than the official Limits documentation.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://developers.cloudflare.com/changelog/post/2025-01-27-kv-increased-namespaces-limits/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Workers KV namespace limits increased to 1000 · Changelog", "snippet": "You can now have up to 1000 Workers KV namespaces per account.", "text_chars": 1578, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page states only that namespace limits increased from 200 to 1000 and directs readers to separate limits documentation. It does not state key/value size, request-rate, or eventual-consistency limits.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/workers-kv-is-ga/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Workers KV — Cloudflare's distributed database | Cloudflare Blog", "snippet": "Today, we’re excited to announce Workers KV is entering general availability and is ready for production use!", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The title and snippet describe Workers KV as a distributed database entering general availability. The supplied text does not state key/value size limits, request-rate limits, eventual-consistency characteristics, or point to official limits documentation.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-008", "tier": "L1", "q": "OpenAPI 3.1 specification", "gold_answer": "OpenAPI 3.1 is the OpenAPI Specification revision that aligns schemas with JSON Schema 2020-12; the authoritative text is published by the OpenAPI Initiative.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.openapis.org/blog/2021/02/18/openapi-specification-3-1-released", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "OpenAPI Specification 3.1.0 Released – OpenAPI Initiative", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The OpenAPI Initiative states that OpenAPI Specification 3.1.0 “has been released” and “supports 100% compatibility”/“full alignment” with JSON Schema draft 2020-12, while linking its full release notes.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/v3.1.0.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "OpenAPI Specification v3.1.0", "snippet": "The OpenAPI Specification (OAS) defines a standard, programming language-agnostic interface description for HTTP APIs.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text identifies “OpenAPI Specification v3.1.0” and calls the HTML its source of truth, but it does not state that 3.1 aligns schemas with JSON Schema 2020-12 or that the OpenAPI Initiative publishes it.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/v3.1.0", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "OpenAPI Specification v3.1.0", "snippet": "The OpenAPI Specification (OAS) defines a standard, programming language-agnostic interface description for HTTP APIs.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The text identifies “OpenAPI Specification v3.1.0” and calls the referenced HTML its source of truth, but it does not state alignment with JSON Schema 2020-12 or explicitly identify the OpenAPI Initiative as publisher.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-009", "tier": "L1", "q": "Python asyncio TaskGroup", "gold_answer": "Python’s asyncio.TaskGroup (3.11+) runs multiple tasks as a group and cancels remaining tasks if one fails, providing structured concurrency in the official asyncio docs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Coroutines and tasks — Python 3.14.7 documentation", "snippet": "This section outlines high-level asyncio APIs to work with coroutines and Tasks. Coroutines, Awaitables, Creating tasks, Task cancellation, Task groups, Sleeping, Running tasks concurrently, Eager ...", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The text says TaskGroup concurrently creates tasks, implicitly awaits them, and was added in 3.11, but it does not state that one task’s failure cancels remaining tasks or explicitly describe structured concurrency.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://universopython.com/en/blog/python-asyncio-taskgroup", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "asyncio.TaskGroup: Structured Concurrency | Universo Python", "snippet": "Use asyncio.TaskGroup in Python 3.11+ to run coroutines, collect results, handle ExceptionGroup, and cancel related tasks safely.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page says TaskGroup is available since Python 3.11, creates related tasks, and “if one task raises… the group cancels the others.” It explicitly describes this as structured concurrency and references the official TaskGroup documentation.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://runebook.dev/en/docs/python/library/asyncio-task/asyncio.TaskGroup", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Structured Concurrency in Python 3.11+: Switching from asyncio.gather to TaskGroup", "snippet": "The asyncio. TaskGroup is a great feature introduced in Python 3.11 that makes managing groups of concurrent tasks much safer and easier than previous methods like asyncio", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text says TaskGroup was introduced in Python 3.11, acts as a container whose tasks execute concurrently, provides structured concurrency, and “immediately cancels the remaining tasks” when any task raises an exception.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-010", "tier": "L1", "q": "Redis Streams consumer groups", "gold_answer": "Redis Streams consumer groups let multiple consumers cooperatively read a stream with per-consumer acknowledgment and pending-entry tracking, as documented in official Redis Streams docs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://redis.io/docs/latest/commands/xinfo-consumers/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "XINFO CONSUMERS | Docs", "snippet": "Returns a list of the consumers in a consumer group.", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text only states that XINFO CONSUMERS “returns a list of the consumers in a consumer group.” It does not describe cooperative stream reading, per-consumer acknowledgment, or pending-entry tracking.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://redis.io/docs/latest/commands/xreadgroup/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "XREADGROUP | Docs", "snippet": "Returns new or historical messages from a stream for a consumer in a group. Blocks until a message is available otherwise.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The text says XREADGROUP returns messages “for a consumer in a group” and includes a NOACK option, but it does not state cooperative reading by multiple consumers or per-consumer acknowledgment and pending-entry tracking.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://redis.io/docs/latest/commands/xinfo-groups/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "XINFO GROUPS | Docs", "snippet": "Returns a list of the consumer groups of a stream.", "text_chars": 5989, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text only states that XINFO GROUPS “returns a list of the consumer groups of a stream.” It does not describe cooperative reading, per-consumer acknowledgment, or pending-entry tracking.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-011", "tier": "L1", "q": "GitHub Actions cache key documentation", "gold_answer": "GitHub Actions cache keys identify cache entries; the official Actions cache documentation explains key construction, restore keys, and when a cache hit/miss occurs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/dependency-caching", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Dependency caching reference - GitHub Docs", "snippet": "Find information on the functionality of dependency caching in workflows.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.94, "rationale": "The text describes exact and partial matching for a provided cache key, but it does not state that keys identify cache entries or provide the claimed explanation of key construction and restore keys.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/dependency-caching", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Dependency caching reference - GitHub Enterprise Cloud Docs", "snippet": "Find information on the functionality of dependency caching in workflows.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.94, "rationale": "The text says the cache action searches for exact and partial matches to a provided key, but it does not state key construction, explain restore keys, or explicitly describe cache hit/miss conditions.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://github.com/actions/cache", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "GitHub - actions/cache: Cache dependencies and build outputs in GitHub Actions · GitHub", "snippet": "Cache dependencies and build outputs in GitHub Actions - actions/cache", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page says the action caches dependencies and build outputs and links to “Caching dependencies to speed up workflows,” but the supplied text does not explain cache keys, key construction, restore keys, or cache hit/miss behavior.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-012", "tier": "L1", "q": "MDN Content-Security-Policy", "gold_answer": "Content-Security-Policy (CSP) is an HTTP response header that restricts resource loading to mitigate XSS and related attacks; MDN documents directives and usage.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Content_Security_Policy", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Content Security Policy - Mozilla | MDN", "snippet": "Extensions developed with WebExtension APIs have a Content Security Policy (CSP) applied to them by default. This restricts the sources from which they can load code such as <script> and disallows potentially unsafe practices such as using eval(). This article briefly explains what a CSP is, what the default policy is and what it means for an extension, and how an extension can change the default CSP.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.95, "rationale": "The page says CSP is specified via “an HTTP header sent from the server,” helps prevent execution of malicious content, restricts legitimate content sources, and documents directives, default policies, consequences, and configuration.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/web/http/reference/headers/content-security-policy/index.md?plain=1", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "content/files/en-us/web/http/reference/headers/content-security-policy/index.md at main · mdn/content · GitHub", "snippet": "The official source for MDN Web Docs content. Home to over 14,000 pages of documentation about HTML, CSS, JS, HTTP, Web APIs, and more. - content/files/en-us/web/http/reference/headers/content-security-policy/index.md at main · mdn/content", "text_chars": 4714, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied text only exposes the title “Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header”; it does not state that CSP restricts resource loading, mitigates XSS and related attacks, or document its directives and usage.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Content-Security-Policy", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header - HTTP | MDN", "snippet": "The HTTP Content-Security-Policy response header allows website administrators to control resources the user agent is allowed to load for a given page. With a few exceptions, policies mostly involve specifying server origins and script endpoints. This helps guard against cross-site scripting attacks.", "text_chars": 5990, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text identifies CSP as an HTTP response header controlling which resources may load, says it guards against cross-site scripting, and documents syntax, directives, examples, and deployment guidance.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-013", "tier": "L1", "q": "Docker multi-stage build best practices", "gold_answer": "Docker multi-stage builds use multiple FROM stages so build tools stay in earlier stages while the final image copies only needed artifacts, reducing image size; official Docker docs describe the pattern.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.docker.com/blog/multi-stage-builds/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page shows multiple FROM stages, copies artifacts via COPY --from, leaves build dependencies behind, and says the compact final image can be free of build tools.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.docker.com/build/building/multi-stage/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Multi-stage builds | Docker Docs", "snippet": "Learn about multi-stage builds and how you can use them to improve your builds and get smaller images", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The title identifies multi-stage builds and the snippet says they can produce smaller images, but the supplied text does not state the multiple-FROM pattern, keeping build tools in earlier stages, or copying only required artifacts.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://docs.docker.com/guides/cpp/multistage/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "C++ language-specific guide | Docker Docs", "snippet": "Containerize and develop C++ applications using Docker.", "text_chars": 5990, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The Docker Docs page shows two FROM stages: a build stage with compilation dependencies and a scratch runtime stage copying only the binary. It explicitly says this separates dependencies and keeps the final image small.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-014", "tier": "L1", "q": "Prometheus histogram vs summary", "gold_answer": "In Prometheus, histograms sample observations into configurable buckets and can compute quantiles from those buckets; summaries calculate client-side quantiles over a sliding window and are not aggregatable the same way across instances.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 3, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://prometheus.io/docs/tutorials/understanding_metric_types/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Understanding metric types | Prometheus", "snippet": "Prometheus project documentation for Understanding metric types", "text_chars": 5939, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text states that histograms use configurable buckets and support histogram_quantile(), and that summaries are application-level and cannot aggregate across instances. However, it does not state that summaries calculate client-side quantiles over a sliding window.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Metric types | Prometheus", "snippet": "Prometheus project documentation for Metric types", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text states that histograms count observations in configurable buckets, but it does not describe summaries, client-side sliding-window quantiles, or their lack of cross-instance aggregatability.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Histograms and summaries | Prometheus", "snippet": "Prometheus project documentation for Histograms and summaries", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text says summaries pre-calculate client-side quantiles over configured time windows and cannot aggregate quantiles, while histograms count observations in buckets that support later quantile calculation and aggregation.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-015", "tier": "L1", "q": "TLS 1.3 handshake overview", "gold_answer": "TLS 1.3 shortens the handshake (typically 1-RTT, with 0-RTT options) and removes legacy cryptographic algorithms compared with TLS 1.2; authoritative overviews appear in RFC 8446 and related TLS documentation.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8446", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "RFC 8446 - The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", "snippet": "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 (RFC 8446, ; obsoleted by RFC 9846)", "text_chars": 5973, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text identifies RFC 8446 as the TLS 1.3 specification and lists “0-RTT Data,” but it does not state that the handshake is typically 1-RTT or that TLS 1.3 removes legacy cryptographic algorithms.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/sdk-java-technology/8?topic=works-tls-13-handshake", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 1641, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The text describes TLS 1.3 handshake phases, message sequencing, and PSK session resumption, but does not state that it is typically 1-RTT, supports 0-RTT, removes legacy algorithms versus TLS 1.2, or reference RFC 8446.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/tls.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Overview", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5992, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The text calls TLS 1.3 a “major overhaul” with security and performance improvements, but does not state that its handshake is typically 1-RTT, supports 0-RTT, or removes legacy algorithms compared with TLS 1.2.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-016", "tier": "L2", "q": "When was Next.js App Router stable", "gold_answer": "The Next.js App Router was marked stable in Next.js 13.4, released May 4, 2023, when Vercel announced it as ready for production adoption.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://nextjs.org/blog/next-13-4", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Next.js 13.4 | Next.js", "snippet": "Next.js 13.4 moves App Router to stable, Turbopack to beta, and introduces experimental support for Server Actions.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 1.0, "rationale": "The page is dated “May 4th 2023” and states that Next.js 13.4 marks the App Router stable and that, with 13.4’s release, it is ready for production adoption.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://dev.to/skyz03/the-evolution-of-nextjs-from-inception-to-cutting-edge-framework-2837", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "The Evolution of Next.js: From Inception to Cutting-Edge Framework - DEV Community", "snippet": "Next.js is a powerful open-source web development framework built on top of React, designed to... Tagged with webdev, nextjs, javascript, programming.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied text discusses Next.js history and its October 2016 launch, but does not state that App Router became stable in Next.js 13.4 on May 4, 2023, or was ready for production adoption.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-02-02-nextjs-app-router/view", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "How to Use Next.js App Router", "snippet": "A practical guide to building modern web applications with the Next.js App Router, covering file-based routing, layouts, server components, and data fetching patterns.", "text_chars": 5992, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.95, "rationale": "The page explicitly says, “The App Router was introduced in Next.js 13 and became stable in version 13.4.” It does not provide the May 4, 2023 release date.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-017", "tier": "L2", "q": "LangChain Deep Agents release announcement", "gold_answer": "LangChain Deep Agents refers to LangChain’s open-source deepagents / Deep Agents work (planning/tool-using agents); first-party announcement and docs live on LangChain’s official channels (blog, docs, or GitHub), not third-party roundups.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.langchain.com/blog/deep-agents-v0-5", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Deep Agents v0.5", "snippet": "💡TL;DR: We’ve released new minor versions of deepagents &amp; deepagentsjs, featuring async (non-blocking) subagents, expanded multi-modal filesystem support, and more. See the changelog for details. Async subagents. Deep Agents can now delegate work to remote agents that run in the background. As opposed to the existing inline subagents, which", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official LangChain Team blog announces releases of “deepagents & deepagentsjs” and describes Deep Agents delegating work to subagents, including background remote agents and task-management tools.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://changelog.langchain.com/announcements/deepagents-0-2-release-for-more-autonomous-agents", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "LangSmith Cloud changelog - Docs by LangChain", "snippet": "Weekly updates to LangSmith Cloud", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied text is a generic “LangSmith Cloud changelog” with weekly platform updates. It does not mention deepagents, Deep Agents, planning/tool-using agents, or a release announcement for that work.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.langchain.com/blog/deep-agents-v0-7", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Deep Agents v0.7", "snippet": "Today we're shipping deep agents v0.7. This release simplifies the base harness, resulting in 65% fewer base input tokens at comparable performance.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official LangChain blog announces “deep agents v0.7,” labels Deep Agents an “Open Source Agent Framework,” and describes its agent harness, tools, planning middleware, and release changes.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-018", "tier": "L2", "q": "Factory.ai Droid skills documentation", "gold_answer": "Factory.ai Droid skills are documented in Factory’s official docs as reusable instructions/workflows agents can load (Skills), distinct from ad-hoc chat prompts.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.factory.ai/cli/configuration/skills", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Skills", "snippet": "Create reusable SKILL.md workflows that Droid can discover, invoke, and share across projects.", "text_chars": 5988, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page says skills “package reusable workflows for Droid,” are loaded when applicable, and are suited to instructions “too structured for a one-off prompt,” directly distinguishing them from ad-hoc prompts.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://github.com/Factory-AI/skills", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "GitHub - Factory-AI/skills · GitHub", "snippet": "Contribute to Factory-AI/skills development by creating an account on GitHub.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The README says Skills are “reusable capabilities that Droids invoke on demand,” packaging instructions for repeatable tasks. It distinguishes them from typed commands and says users describe tasks normally while Droids automatically invoke matching Skills.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://docs.factory.ai/harness/skills", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Skills", "snippet": "Create reusable SKILL.md workflows that Droid can discover, invoke, and share across projects.", "text_chars": 5988, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official documentation says skills “package reusable workflows for Droid,” are discovered and loaded when applicable, and are suited to guidance “too structured for a one-off prompt,” explicitly distinguishing them from ad-hoc prompts.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-019", "tier": "L2", "q": "Vercel Fluid compute pricing limits", "gold_answer": "Vercel Fluid compute (and related Active CPU / fluid pricing) is defined on Vercel’s official pricing and docs pages with plan limits and billing units; treat vercel.com pricing/docs as authoritative over secondary blogs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://vercel.com/changelog/higher-defaults-and-limits-for-vercel-functions-running-fluid-compute", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Higher defaults and limits for Vercel Functions running Fluid compute - Vercel", "snippet": "Vercel Functions using Fluid compute now have longer execution times, more memory, and more CPU. The default execution time, for all projects on all plans, is now 300 seconds.", "text_chars": 3655, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.86, "rationale": "The page gives plan-specific execution limits and says Active CPU pricing charges for actual compute time, with memory-only usage billed lower. It does not state that official pricing/docs are authoritative over secondary blogs or provide defined billing units.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://vercel.com/docs/functions/usage-and-pricing", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Fluid compute pricing", "snippet": "Learn about usage and pricing for fluid compute on Vercel.", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official Vercel docs page states fluid compute pricing varies by plan and usage, lists Hobby and Pro limits, and defines billing units including CPU-hours, GB-hours, and invocations.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://vercel.com/docs/services/pricing", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Services Pricing and Limits", "snippet": "Understand how billing works for Vercel Services, what's charged, and which limits apply.", "text_chars": 4600, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.95, "rationale": "The official Vercel docs state that compute is billed by “Active CPU, provisioned memory, and invocations,” that Fluid Compute applies, and identify Pro/Hobby inclusions and applicable function limits.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-020", "tier": "L2", "q": "Upstash Redis REST rate limits", "gold_answer": "Upstash Redis documents REST/API rate limits and plan quotas in official Upstash documentation (requests per second / day depending on plan).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://upstash.com/blog/limits-increase", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Increasing Limits for Upstash Redis | Upstash Blog", "snippet": "Articles and tutorials on serverless technologies from Upstash and community", "text_chars": 3232, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The page states a 10k TPS maximum throughput plus request-size and connection limits for all plans, but it does not identify REST/API rate limits or document per-plan requests-per-second/day quotas.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://upstash.com/docs/redis/overall/pricing", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Redis Pricing", "snippet": "Upstash Redis pricing. Free tier for prototypes, Pay as You Go at $0.20 per 100K commands, Fixed plans from $10/month, and enterprise.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The official pricing text lists REST API support and plan limits, including “Max commands per second” of 10,000, custom enterprise capacity, and Free-tier quotas of 500K commands per month.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://upstash.com/blog/dynamic-rate-limits", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Introducing Dynamic Rate-Limits for Upstash Ratelimit | Upstash Blog", "snippet": "Upstash Ratelimit now supports dynamic rate limits. You can now change rate-limits without redeploying.", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page describes configurable application-level limits in Upstash Ratelimit, such as “100 requests per 10 seconds.” It does not state Redis REST/API service limits or plan quotas measured per second or day.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-021", "tier": "L2", "q": "Neon serverless Postgres branching docs", "gold_answer": "Neon documents database branching as copy-on-write Postgres branches for development and preview workflows in the official Neon docs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://github.com/neondatabase/neon", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "GitHub - neondatabase/neon: Neon: Serverless Postgres. We separated storage and compute to offer autoscaling, code-like database branching, and scale to zero. · GitHub", "snippet": "Neon: Serverless Postgres. We separated storage and compute to offer autoscaling, code-like database branching, and scale to zero. - neondatabase/neon", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The title mentions “code-like database branching,” but the supplied text does not describe branches as copy-on-write or connect them to development and preview workflows in Neon’s official documentation.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://neon.com/docs/introduction/serverless", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Serverless - Neon Docs", "snippet": "Neon takes the world's most loved database, Postgres, and makes it serverless. As part of the Neon backend, Lakebase Postgres helps teams ship reliable and scalable applications faster. Enabling serve...", "text_chars": 5309, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page mentions “database branching workflows” for dev/testing databases via CI/CD, but does not state that branches are copy-on-write or describe preview workflows.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://neon.com/docs/introduction", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Neon documentation - Neon Docs", "snippet": "Getting started. Start with a one command setup, or follow a guided tutorial to build the full Neon stack step by step. Products. Build backends for web apps and agents with Lakebase Postgres, Auth, O...", "text_chars": 4896, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page says “Serverless Postgres with branching” and calls services “branchable,” but it does not describe branches as copy-on-write or connect them to development and preview workflows.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-022", "tier": "L2", "q": "Anthropic tool use JSON schema", "gold_answer": "Anthropic’s tool use / function calling uses JSON Schema-shaped tool definitions in the Messages API; official Anthropic docs specify the schema and tool-result flow.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/agents-and-tools/tool-use/define-tools", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Define tools - Claude Platform Docs", "snippet": "Specify tool schemas, write effective descriptions, and control when Claude calls your tools.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.9, "rationale": "The page states that client tools use the API request’s top-level `tools` parameter and that `input_schema` is “a JSON Schema object,” with tool definitions provided in JSONSchema format.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/structured-outputs", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Structured outputs - Claude Platform Docs", "snippet": "Get validated JSON results from agent workflows", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.86, "rationale": "The page states that strict tool use validates tool names and inputs against schemas and shows Messages API JSON-schema output, but it does not describe JSON Schema-shaped tool definitions or the tool-result flow.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/agents-and-tools/tool-use/strict-tool-use", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Strict tool use - Claude Platform Docs", "snippet": "Enforce JSON Schema compliance on Claude's tool inputs with grammar-constrained sampling.", "text_chars": 5992, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.88, "rationale": "The text shows `client.messages.create`, tool definitions with JSON Schema `input_schema`, and returned `tool_use` blocks. However, it does not state or demonstrate the tool-result flow back to Claude.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-023", "tier": "L2", "q": "OpenAI structured outputs JSON schema", "gold_answer": "OpenAI Structured Outputs constrain model output to a supplied JSON Schema (strict structured outputs); official OpenAI docs describe enabling JSON Schema adherence.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/structured-outputs", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Structured model outputs | OpenAI API", "snippet": "Understand how to ensure model responses follow specific JSON Schema you define.", "text_chars": 5989, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page is titled “Structured model outputs | OpenAI API,” and its snippet says it explains how to ensure model responses follow a specific JSON Schema you define.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://github.com/openai/openai-structured-outputs-samples", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "GitHub - openai/openai-structured-outputs-samples: Sample apps to help developers get started with Structured Outputs · GitHub", "snippet": "Sample apps to help developers get started with Structured Outputs - openai/openai-structured-outputs-samples", "text_chars": 5221, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page states that Structured Outputs is an OpenAI API feature ensuring “responses and tool calls adhere to a defined JSON schema,” and directs readers to the Structured Outputs documentation.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-structured-outputs-in-the-api/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5992, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 1.0, "rationale": "The page says Structured Outputs constrain models to match developer-supplied JSON Schemas and that setting `strict: true` makes outputs match the supplied schema.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-024", "tier": "L2", "q": "MCP streamable HTTP transport", "gold_answer": "MCP (Model Context Protocol) defines Streamable HTTP as a transport for client–server communication in the official MCP specification (alongside other transports).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/basic/transports", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Overview - Model Context Protocol", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 4311, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official specification says its binding pages define standard transports, including “Streamable HTTP,” where each message is an HTTP POST to an MCP endpoint, and describes delivery between clients and servers.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/draft/basic/transports/streamable-http", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Streamable HTTP - Model Context Protocol", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official Model Context Protocol specification page explicitly calls it “the Streamable HTTP transport” and describes client POST requests, server responses, endpoints, and message flow between clients and servers.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://developers.cloudflare.com/agents/model-context-protocol/transport/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transport · Cloudflare Agents docs", "snippet": "Configure Streamable HTTP transport for remote MCP servers built with the Agents SDK.", "text_chars": 5989, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page states that the MCP specification defines standard transports for client–server communication, explicitly listing “Streamable HTTP” alongside “stdio,” and describes it as the standard transport for remote MCP connections.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-025", "tier": "L2", "q": "OAuth 2.1 authorization code PKCE", "gold_answer": "OAuth 2.1 keeps authorization code + PKCE as the recommended public-client pattern: the client uses a code_verifier/challenge so intercepted codes cannot be redeemed without the verifier.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://oauth.net/2.1/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "OAuth 2.1", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 2405, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.94, "rationale": "The page states that “PKCE is required for all OAuth clients using the authorization code flow” and identifies PKCE as Proof Key for Code Exchange, directly supporting authorization code plus PKCE as the OAuth 2.1 pattern.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://github.com/authts/oidc-client-ts/blob/main/docs/protocols/authorization-code-grant-with-pkce.md", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "oidc-client-ts/docs/protocols/authorization-code-grant-with-pkce.md at main · authts/oidc-client-ts · GitHub", "snippet": "OpenID Connect (OIDC) and OAuth2 protocol support for browser-based JavaScript applications - oidc-client-ts/docs/protocols/authorization-code-grant-with-pkce.md at main · authts/oidc-client-ts", "text_chars": 4620, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.94, "rationale": "The page calls authorization code with PKCE “the recommended authorization code flow in the OAuth 2.1 draft” and shows generation, storage, submission, and validation of the code_challenge and code_verifier before token issuance.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.descope.com/learn/post/pkce", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "What is PKCE? Flow Examples and How It Works", "snippet": "Learn how PKCE enhances OAuth by preventing authorization code injection and CSRF attacks. Explore PKCE flows, use cases, and why it’s becoming mandatory.", "text_chars": 5995, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page says public clients need PKCE, OAuth 2.1 requires it, and a dynamic code challenge binds the authorization request to the token exchange, preventing intercepted authorization codes from being exchanged by an attacker.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-026", "tier": "L2", "q": "Cloudflare R2 egress pricing", "gold_answer": "Cloudflare R2 is designed with no egress fees to the public Internet in Cloudflare’s standard R2 pricing positioning; authoritative numbers and caveats are on Cloudflare’s R2 pricing page.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://nubbo.app/blog/cloudflare-r2-free-tier/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Cloudflare R2 free tier in 2026: what you get and when to upgrade - Nubbo", "snippet": "Everything included in Cloudflare R2 free tier: 10 GB storage, 1M Class A and 10M Class B operations, zero egress. Plus when the free tier stops being enough.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page explicitly says, “Zero egress fees. Data transferred out of R2 to the internet is free,” and adds that this applies to both free-tier and paid usage. It separately identifies Class A and Class B operation limits.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.sanbila.com/glossary/cloudflare-r2", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Cloudflare R2: storage with no egress fees | Sanbila", "snippet": "Cloudflare R2 is S3-compatible object storage with zero egress fees, transforming the economics of cloud video editing.", "text_chars": 5088, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page explicitly says R2 has “zero fees for downloading data out of the storage (zero egress)” and that Cloudflare removed egress fees entirely, making downloads free regardless of frequency or volume.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/pg-cloudflare-r2-vs-aws-s3/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Cloudflare R2 vs AWS S3 | Review Pricing & Features", "snippet": "With zero egress fees, Cloudflare R2 beats out Amazon S3 as the most cost-effective object storage solution. Compare R2 pricing and features to S3.", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The snippet explicitly says “zero egress fees,” and the page describes R2 as storing data “without costly egress fees” and invites users to “Say goodbye to budget-draining egress fees.”", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-027", "tier": "L2", "q": "Exe.dev persistent Linux VMs", "gold_answer": "exe.dev provides persistent Linux VMs for development/deployment; official product behavior and docs live on exe.dev (and related first-party docs), not random mirrors.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://exe.dev/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "exe.dev - ssh exe.dev", "snippet": "Build apps or SSH into a persistent Linux VM. ssh exe.dev.", "text_chars": 2457, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official exe.dev page explicitly advertises “Persistent Linux VMs with HTTPS and SSH,” says users can build apps or SSH in, and states, “Your servers are persistent.”", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://exe.dev/docs/serverful", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Persistent disks, not serverless - exe.dev docs", "snippet": "exe.dev is serverful, not serverless", "text_chars": 47, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.95, "rationale": "The supplied text only says “Persistent disks, not serverless” and “exe.dev is serverful, not serverless.” It does not state that exe.dev provides persistent Linux VMs for development or deployment.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://blog.exe.dev/meet-exe.dev", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Meet exe.dev, Modern VMs - exe.dev blog", "snippet": "Persistent, private, fast-starting VMs with automatic auth.", "text_chars": 2131, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The official exe.dev blog describes it as a VM hosting service offering “Persistent Linux VMs,” full Ubuntu machines, persistent disks, SSH access, and agent-friendly development sandboxes.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-028", "tier": "L2", "q": "Cursor Background Agents documentation", "gold_answer": "Cursor Background Agents (cloud agents) are Cursor’s remote coding agents that work on a repo/branch asynchronously; official behavior is documented in Cursor’s product docs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://cursor.com/docs/background-agent/api/overview", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Cloud Agents API | Cursor Docs", "snippet": "Create and manage Cursor Cloud Agents programmatically with the run-based REST API.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.9, "rationale": "The official Cursor Docs page says the API can “launch and manage cloud agents that work on your repositories” and describes durable agents with per-prompt runs, substantively identifying Cursor’s repository-working cloud agents.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://cursor.com/help/ai-features/background-agents", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "What are background agents? | Cursor Docs", "snippet": "Background agents run coding tasks asynchronously in the cloud while you keep working. Learn how they run code safely and show their work in Cursor.", "text_chars": 4547, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "Cursor Docs says background agents, called “Cloud Agents,” move coding tasks to the cloud, run remotely against a repository, and complete work asynchronously while users can close their laptop and check results later.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://cursor.com/docs/agent/overview", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Overview | Cursor Docs", "snippet": "Assistant for autonomous coding tasks, terminal commands, and code editing", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page describes Cursor Agent generally as independently completing coding tasks, running commands, and editing code. It only lists “Cloud Agents” in navigation and does not state that they remotely work asynchronously on a repository or branch.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-029", "tier": "L2", "q": "Temporal workflow vs activity", "gold_answer": "In Temporal, a workflow is the durable orchestration logic; an activity is a non-deterministic unit of work (API call, DB write) invoked from a workflow. Official Temporal docs define the split.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://temporal.io/how-it-works", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "How the Temporal Platform Works | Temporal", "snippet": "See exactly how Temporal uses workflows to guarantee successful execution of services and applications in the presence of any failure. Talk to an expert today!", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page says a Workflow defines durable, recoverable business logic, while Activities are separate functions or methods for failure-prone real-world interactions and are “orchestrated by the Workflow.”", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.temporal.io/workflows", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Temporal Workflow | Temporal Documentation", "snippet": "This comprehensive guide provides insights into Temporal Workflows, covering Workflow Definitions in various programming languages, deterministic constraints, handling code changes, and ensuring reliability, durability, and scalability in a Temporal Application, with examples and best practices for Workflow Versioning and development.", "text_chars": 5664, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page describes Workflows as resilient sequences of coded steps whose state is restored through replay, while Activities handle outside-world interactions such as API calls, database queries, LLM invocations, and file I/O.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/go.temporal.io/sdk/activity", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "activity package - go.temporal.io/sdk/activity - Go Packages", "snippet": "Package activity contains functions and types used to implement Temporal Activities.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The text defines an Activity as “a task to be performed as part of a larger Workflow” and says operations affecting results belong there, but it does not define a Workflow as durable orchestration logic or explicitly describe Activities as non-deterministic.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-030", "tier": "L2", "q": "ClickHouse ReplacingMergeTree caveats", "gold_answer": "ClickHouse ReplacingMergeTree can collapse duplicate rows by sorting key during merges, but replacements are not instantaneous and queries can still see duplicates until merges finish unless using FINAL or other patterns—official docs warn about these caveats.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://clickhouse.com/docs/concepts/features/operations/update/replacing-merge-tree", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Working with the ReplacingMergeTree engine - ClickHouse Documentation", "snippet": "Guide on how to use the ReplacingMergeTree engine in ClickHouse", "text_chars": 5995, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.9, "rationale": "The text says rows sharing ORDER BY values are duplicates and older versions are removed only later by an “asynchronous background process” during part merging, establishing that replacement/deduplication is not immediate.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://kb.altinity.com/engines/mergetree-table-engine-family/replacingmergetree/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "ReplacingMergeTree | Altinity® Knowledge Base for ClickHouse®", "snippet": "ReplacingMergeTree", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The supplied text contains only the page title and navigation, including “ReplacingMergeTree does not collapse duplicates,” but does not explain merge-time replacement, temporary duplicate visibility, or using FINAL.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://obsessiondb.com/blog/replacingmergetree-deduplication-done-right", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "ClickHouse® ReplacingMergeTree: Deduplication Done Right | ObsessionDB", "snippet": "ReplacingMergeTree deduplicates at merge time, not insert time. Production patterns, FINAL performance, and the Postgres traps nobody warns you about.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page says deduplication uses the ORDER BY key during asynchronous background merges; duplicates remain visible until merging. It explicitly states “SELECT without FINAL returns the duplicates” and that merge timing has no SLA.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-031", "tier": "L2", "q": "Pydantic v2 model_validate vs parse_obj", "gold_answer": "In Pydantic v2, model_validate() is the supported way to parse/validate data into a model; parse_obj() is the v1-era API (removed/renamed in the v2 migration).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 3, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/migration/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Migration Guide | Pydantic Docs", "snippet": "Migrating from Pydantic V1.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text says V2 has API changes and that the V1 API remains accessible, but it does not mention either `model_validate()` or `parse_obj()`, nor state that one replaces the other.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/json/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "JSON | Pydantic Docs", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5961, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page demonstrates `model_validate` and `model_validate_json`, but it does not mention `parse_obj`, describe it as a v1-era API, or state that it was removed or renamed during the v2 migration.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7920", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Model_validate has different behavior than parse_obj · Issue #7920 · pydantic/pydantic · GitHub", "snippet": "Initial Checks I confirm that I'm using Pydantic V2 Description I'm migrating to Pydantic V2 and one of the key differences I'm facing is the different behavior between parse_obj and model_validate. Here is an example. This works fine in...", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page explicitly says “parse_obj is deprecated and should be replaced by model_validate” while discussing migration from Pydantic v1 to v2, which states the supported v2 replacement.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-032", "tier": "L2", "q": "HTTP 103 Early Hints browser support", "gold_answer": "HTTP 103 Early Hints (RFC 8297) lets servers send preliminary headers (often Link preload) before the final response; browser support is partial and evolving—prefer MDN/Can I Use plus the RFC over random blogs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1407355", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "1407355 - (earlyhints) [meta] 103 Early Hints", "snippet": "NEW (nobody) in Core - Networking: HTTP. Last updated 2025-05-12.", "text_chars": 5991, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The page is an open Mozilla implementation bug mentioning a “103 response” and propagating “early hint responses,” but it does not explain preliminary headers before a final response, Link preload, RFC 8297, or overall browser support.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/web/http/status/103", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "103 Early Hints - HTTP | MDN", "snippet": "The HTTP 103 Early Hints informational response may be sent by a server while it is still preparing a response, with hints about the sites and resources that the server expects the final response will link to. This allows a browser to preconnect to sites or start preloading resources even before the server has prepared and sent a final response. Preloaded resources indicated by early hints are fetched by the client as soon as the hints are received.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text says servers send 103 while preparing the final response, primarily using Link to preconnect or preload. It also notes compatibility limitations: most browsers support it only over HTTP/2 or later, and links the specification and browser compatibility.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Status/103", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "103 Early Hints - HTTP | MDN", "snippet": "The HTTP 103 Early Hints informational response may be sent by a server while it is still preparing a response, with hints about the sites and resources that the server expects the final response will link to. This allows a browser to preconnect to sites or start preloading resources even before the server has prepared and sent a final response. Preloaded resources indicated by early hints are fetched by the client as soon as the hints are received.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.87, "rationale": "The text says servers can send 103 while preparing the final response, primarily using Link to enable preloading/preconnection. It also describes browser limitations and notes most browsers support it only over HTTP/2 or later.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-033", "tier": "L2", "q": "WebAuthn discoverable credentials passkeys", "gold_answer": "WebAuthn discoverable credentials (often called passkeys) store credential material on the authenticator so the user can authenticate without the RP first supplying a credential ID; W3C WebAuthn and MDN document the model.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-3/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials - Level 3", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5973, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The text says public-key credentials are “created by and bound to authenticators,” but does not state that discoverable credentials are passkeys or that authentication can occur without the relying party supplying a credential ID.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://developers.yubico.com/WebAuthn/WebAuthn_Developer_Guide/Resident_Keys.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Resident Keys", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text says discoverable credentials store the private key and metadata persistently on the authenticator rather than the RP server, avoiding the server returning a credential first and enabling username-less authentication.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://docs.yubico.com/hardware/yubikey-guidance/best-practices/all-faq-passkeys.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Passkey Frequently Asked Questions — Best Practices documentation", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text equates passkeys with discoverable/resident WebAuthn/FIDO credentials and says YubiKeys can store them, but it does not state that authentication works without the relying party first supplying a credential ID.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-034", "tier": "L2", "q": "S3 conditional writes If-None-Match", "gold_answer": "Amazon S3 supports conditional writes using headers such as If-None-Match (e.g. '*' to create only if the object does not exist) as documented in official AWS S3 API docs.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/08/amazon-s3-conditional-writes/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Amazon S3 now supports conditional writes - AWS", "snippet": "Discover more about what's new at AWS with Amazon S3 now supports conditional writes", "text_chars": 5991, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The title states that Amazon S3 supports conditional writes, but the supplied text does not mention the If-None-Match header or explain that '*' creates an object only when it does not already exist.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_PutObject.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PutObject - Amazon S3 PutObject - Amazon S3", "snippet": "Adds an object to a bucket.", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The S3 PutObject documentation states that “If-None-Match” uploads only when the object key does not already exist and “expects the * character,” otherwise returning a 412 error.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/11/amazon-s3-enforcement-conditional-write-operations-general-purpose-buckets/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Amazon S3 now supports enforcement of conditional write operations for S3 general purpose buckets - AWS", "snippet": "Discover more about what's new at AWS with Amazon S3 now supports enforcement of conditional write operations for S3 general purpose buckets", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The title mentions enforcement of conditional write operations, but the supplied text does not state that S3 uses the If-None-Match header or that '*' creates an object only when it does not exist.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-035", "tier": "L2", "q": "Postgres LISTEN NOTIFY connection pooling pitfalls", "gold_answer": "PostgreSQL LISTEN/NOTIFY is session-based: notifications are delivered on the connection that issued LISTEN. Transaction poolers that multiplex connections can break or confuse LISTEN/NOTIFY unless you use a dedicated session connection—official Postgres docs plus pooler docs warn about this.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer/issues/655", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Feature: Listen/Notify Support with Transaction Pooling · Issue #655 · pgbouncer/pgbouncer · GitHub", "snippet": "Problem NOTIFY/LISTEN doesn't work with Transaction Pooling, only with Session Pooling NOTIFY/LISTEN is quite useful for SIGNALLING (not for queued data), so a NOTIFIED process knows to Query again (instead of polling on an interval). I ...", "text_chars": 4881, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page explicitly says “NOTIFY/LISTEN doesn't work with Transaction Pooling, only with Session Pooling” and proposes maintaining a dedicated PostgreSQL “Listen Connection,” directly stating the pooling pitfall and workaround.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-036", "tier": "L3", "q": "Who created Redis", "gold_answer": "Redis was created by Salvatore Sanfilippo (antirez).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://redis.io/blog/becoming-one-redis/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "From Our Founders: Becoming One Redis | Redis", "snippet": "Developers love Redis. Unlock the full potential of the Redis database with Redis Enterprise and start building blazing fast apps.", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied title, snippet, and page text do not mention Salvatore Sanfilippo, antirez, or identify who created Redis.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://redis.io/press/redis-creator-salvatore-sanfilippo-antirez-joins-redis-labs/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Redis Creator, Salvatore Sanfilippo (Antirez), Joins Redis Labs | Redis", "snippet": "Developers love Redis. Unlock the full potential of the Redis database with Redis Enterprise and start building blazing fast apps.", "text_chars": 5993, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page title explicitly identifies “Redis Creator, Salvatore Sanfilippo (Antirez),” directly stating that Salvatore Sanfilippo, also known as Antirez, created Redis.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://redis.io/blog/new-governance-for-redis/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "New Governance for Redis | Redis", "snippet": "Redis open source project leaders Yossi Gottlieb and Oran Arga share the new community-driven governance structure for how Redis will be managed going forward.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied title, snippet, and page text discuss Redis governance and product navigation; they do not state that Salvatore Sanfilippo, or antirez, created Redis.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-037", "tier": "L3", "q": "Original paper introducing the Transformer attention architecture", "gold_answer": "The Transformer architecture was introduced in the 2017 paper “Attention Is All You Need” by Vaswani et al. (NeurIPS 2017).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://research.google/blog/transformer-a-novel-neural-network-architecture-for-language-understanding/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transformer: A Novel Neural Network Architecture for Language Understanding", "snippet": "Posted by Jakob Uszkoreit, Software Engineer, Natural Language Understanding Neural networks, in particular recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are n...", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The August 31, 2017 page explicitly says, “In ‘Attention Is All You Need,’ we introduce the Transformer,” identifying that paper as the work introducing the architecture.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transformer (deep learning) - Wikipedia", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text mentions an “original 2017 transformer” but does not identify “Attention Is All You Need,” Vaswani et al., or NeurIPS 2017 as the introducing paper.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/transformer-model", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "What is a Transformer Model? | IBM", "snippet": "A transformer model is a type of deep learning model that has quickly become fundamental in natural language processing (NLP) and other machine learning (ML) tasks.", "text_chars": 5989, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page states that “the transformer architecture was first described in the seminal 2017 paper ‘Attention is All You Need’ by Vaswani and others,” matching the gold answer’s title, year, authorship, and introduction claim.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-038", "tier": "L3", "q": "Official X/Twitter profile for OpenAI", "gold_answer": "OpenAI’s official presence on X/Twitter is the verified @OpenAI account on x.com (canonical host), not scraper/mirror profile pages.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://x.com/OpenAI", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "OpenAI (@OpenAI) / X", "snippet": "OpenAI’s mission is to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity. We’re hiring: https://t.co/dJGr6LgzPA", "text_chars": 270, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.9, "rationale": "The title identifies an X profile as “OpenAI (@OpenAI),” but the supplied text does not state that the account is verified or explicitly official.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://x.com/OpenAI/highlights", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 284, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text identifies “OpenAI (@OpenAI) / X,” but does not state that the account is official or verified. The URL alone cannot establish the canonical official profile.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://x.com/OpenAI/with_replies", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 281, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The text identifies “OpenAI (@OpenAI) / X,” but does not state that the account is official or verified. The supplied URL alone cannot establish the canonical official profile.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-039", "tier": "L3", "q": "NASA Instagram on the official Instagram host", "gold_answer": "NASA’s official Instagram profile is on Instagram’s own host (instagram.com), not third-party Instagram viewer/mirror sites.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.instagram.com/nasa/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Instagram", "snippet": "Create an account or log in to Instagram - Share what you're into with the people who get you.", "text_chars": 42, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page text identifies “NASA (@nasa)” as an Instagram profile, and the supplied title/snippet explicitly describe Instagram. This states the official NASA handle on Instagram rather than a viewer or mirror.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.instagram.com/nasa/feed/?hl=en", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 42, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page text identifies “NASA (@nasa)” as an Instagram profile, and the supplied URL is on instagram.com, directly supporting that NASA’s profile is hosted on Instagram itself.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-share-the-universe-with-instagram-users-through-its-images/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "NASA to Share the Universe with Instagram Users through Its Images - NASA", "snippet": "NASA is launching an official Instagram profile that will take its fans on an out-of-this-world journey through images of Earth and beyond.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.92, "rationale": "The snippet says NASA is launching an “official Instagram profile,” but the supplied text never identifies instagram.com as its host or distinguishes it from third-party viewer or mirror sites.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-040", "tier": "L3", "q": "GitHub user torvalds", "gold_answer": "Linus Torvalds’ GitHub profile is github.com/torvalds on the official github.com host.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://github.com/torvalds", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "torvalds (Linus Torvalds) · GitHub", "snippet": "torvalds has 12 repositories available. Follow their code on GitHub.", "text_chars": 3824, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The title identifies “torvalds (Linus Torvalds) · GitHub,” and the page text shows the username “torvalds” with the name “Linus Torvalds” on GitHub.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://github.blog/open-source/git/git-turns-20-a-qa-with-linus-torvalds/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Git turns 20: A Q&A with Linus Torvalds - The GitHub Blog", "snippet": "To celebrate two decades of Git, we sat down with Linus Torvalds—the creator of Git and Linux—to discuss how it forever changed software development.", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied text identifies Linus Torvalds as the creator of Git and Linux, but it does not state that his GitHub profile is github.com/torvalds.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "http://www.jayhuang.org/blog/pushing-code-to-github-as-linus-torvalds/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Pushing code to GitHub as Linus Torvalds | Jay Huang", "snippet": "I didn't try to break anything, but I had discovered a peculiarity. I was able to push code to GitHub as Linus Torvalds, the creator of Git (or you may know...", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text mentions “Linus’ GitHub profile” but never identifies its URL or states that his GitHub username is “torvalds” on github.com.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-041", "tier": "L3", "q": "Wikipedia English: Transformer (machine learning model) vs SEO blog summaries of Attention Is All You Need", "gold_answer": "For an encyclopedia-grade overview of the Transformer ML model, prefer the English Wikipedia article (and/or the original paper) over SEO blog summaries of Attention Is All You Need.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": false, "first_hit_rank": null, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transformer (deep learning) - Wikipedia", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5995, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text identifies a Wikipedia article covering Transformer history, training, architecture, and applications, but it does not recommend Wikipedia or the original paper over SEO blog summaries.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://research.google/pubs/attention-is-all-you-need/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Attention is All You Need", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5277, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page presents the original paper’s abstract and Transformer architecture, but it does not recommend Wikipedia or the paper over SEO blog summaries, nor compare those source types.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Transformer (deep learning) - Wikipedia", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text identifies an English Wikipedia article and outlines its Transformer coverage, but it does not compare Wikipedia or the original paper with SEO blog summaries or recommend preferring either source.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-042", "tier": "L3", "q": "Apple Vision Pro US release date", "gold_answer": "Apple Vision Pro became available in the United States on February 2, 2024 (Apple Newsroom).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/01/apple-vision-pro-available-in-the-us-on-february-2/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Apple Vision Pro available in the U.S. on February 2 - Apple", "snippet": "Apple Vision Pro will be available beginning Friday, February 2, at all U.S. Apple Store locations and the U.S. Apple Store online.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 1.0, "rationale": "The Apple Newsroom page states that Apple Vision Pro “will be available beginning Friday, February 2” at U.S. Apple Store locations and online; the press release is dated January 8, 2024, establishing February 2, 2024.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67922296", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Apple Vision Pro: high price, high spec headset gets release date", "snippet": "Apple's long-awaited mixed-reality headset will launch in the US on 2 February.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page states that Apple’s Vision Pro headset “will go on sale on 2 February in the United States,” and the article is dated 1 February 2024, establishing the February 2, 2024 US release date.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.macworld.com/article/557878/apple-vision-pro-features-specs-price-faq.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Apple Vision Pro: release date, features, specs, price & how to buy | Macworld", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page explicitly states, “Apple Vision Pro went on sale in the U.S. on February 2, 2024,” matching the gold answer’s date and location.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-043", "tier": "L3", "q": "Difference between LangGraph and LangChain agents", "gold_answer": "LangGraph is LangChain’s library/framework for durable, graph-structured agent workflows; “LangChain agents” more broadly includes earlier agent abstractions and tooling. Official LangChain docs distinguish LangGraph as the recommended durable agent orchestration layer.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://www.spheron.network/blog/langgraph-vs-langchain/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "LangGraph vs LangChain: Which to Use for Production AI Agents in 2026 | Spheron Blog", "snippet": "LangGraph adds stateful graph execution on top of LangChain. This 2026 guide covers when to use each, migration patterns, and GPU infrastructure for both.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.97, "rationale": "The page says “LangGraph is built on top of LangChain,” describes LangChain’s broader building blocks and AgentExecutor, and explains that LangGraph adds stateful graph execution, checkpointing, branching, interruption, and failure recovery for production agents.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://www.agentpatterns.tech/en/vs/langchain-vs-langgraph", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "LangChain vs LangGraph: What's the Difference? | Agent Patterns", "snippet": "LangChain provides flexible components for chains and agents. LangGraph adds an explicit graph of states and transitions for governed workflow. Comparison of…", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.94, "rationale": "The page says LangChain broadly provides chains, agents, tools, and integrations, while LangGraph sits “on top of the LangChain ecosystem” and provides explicit state graphs, transitions, replay, and stateful workflow control.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.testingdocs.com/differences-between-langchain-vs-langgraph/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Differences between LangChain vs LangGraph | TestingDocs", "snippet": "Let's look at some of the differences between LangChain and LangGraph in this tutorial. Both come from the LangChain ecosystem, but they solve different", "text_chars": 73, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied page text only says the request is being verified and provides no substantive comparison between LangChain agents and LangGraph. The title and snippet merely indicate that differences exist without stating the gold distinction.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-044", "tier": "L3", "q": "Official Solidity language documentation", "gold_answer": "The official Solidity language documentation is published by the Solidity team (docs.soliditylang.org), not tutorial-farm mirrors.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 3, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.0/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Solidity — Solidity 0.8.0 documentation", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.86, "rationale": "The text identifies itself as “Solidity 0.8.0 documentation,” but does not explicitly state that it is the official documentation published by the Solidity team or distinguish itself from tutorial mirrors.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.7.4/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Solidity — Solidity 0.7.4 documentation", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5995, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.88, "rationale": "The page identifies itself as “Solidity 0.7.4 documentation” and contains extensive documentation, but it does not state that it is published by the Solidity team or distinguish the canonical site from tutorial mirrors.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Solidity — Solidity 0.8.38-develop documentation", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The title identifies this as “Solidity ... documentation,” and the extensive page text presents the language’s documentation, contributor guide, versions, and reference contents directly on the supplied docs.soliditylang.org page.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-045", "tier": "L3", "q": "Cloudflare Workers vs Cloudflare Pages Functions", "gold_answer": "Cloudflare Workers is the general serverless runtime on Cloudflare’s edge; Cloudflare Pages Functions are Functions integrated with Pages projects (Workers under the hood for Pages). Official Cloudflare docs describe the product split and when to use each.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/static-assets/migration-guides/migrate-from-pages/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Migrate from Pages to Workers · Cloudflare Workers docs", "snippet": "A guide for migrating from Cloudflare Pages to Cloudflare Workers. Includes a compatibility matrix for comparing the features of Cloudflare Workers and Pages.", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The title and snippet only identify a migration guide and mention a feature compatibility matrix. The supplied text does not explain Workers as the general edge runtime or Pages Functions as Workers integrated into Pages projects.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://blog.birdor.com/cloudflare-tutorial-part-5-workers-pages-functions/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Just a moment...", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page calls Workers “standalone serverless applications” running JavaScript/TypeScript at the edge, while Pages Functions provide “the same compute model” specifically inside Pages projects and deploy with the site.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/plans/developer-platform/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Workers & Pages Pricing", "snippet": "Explore pricing and plans across Cloudflare’s development platform for serverless applications and JAMstack websites.", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The text calls Workers a way to “Deploy serverless code instantly across the globe,” but it does not describe Pages Functions, their integration with Pages projects, or that they use Workers under the hood.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-046", "tier": "L3", "q": "What is prompt injection? defensive overview for LLM applications", "gold_answer": "Prompt injection is an attack where untrusted text (user input or retrieved content) tries to override an LLM’s instructions; defensive overviews stress isolation, privilege reduction, and treating model output as untrusted—prefer security vendors/OWASP-style guidance over hype posts.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://genai.owasp.org/llmrisk/llm01-prompt-injection/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection - OWASP Gen AI Security Project", "snippet": "A Prompt Injection Vulnerability occurs when user prompts alter the LLM’s behavior or output in unintended ways. These inputs can affect the model even if they are imperceptible to humans, therefore prompt injections do not need to be human-visible/readable, as long as the content is parsed by the model. Prompt Injection vulnerabilities exist in how […]", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page defines direct and indirect injection as user or external content altering model behavior, and recommends segregating untrusted content, least-privilege access, output validation/filtering, and human approval for high-risk actions.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/LLM_Prompt_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "LLM Prompt Injection Prevention - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series", "snippet": "Website with the collection of all the cheat sheets of the project.", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page defines prompt injection as malicious input manipulating an LLM’s intended behavior and explains that instructions and data lack clear separation. Its defenses include structured separation, output validation, remote-content sanitization, and least privilege.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.evidentlyai.com/llm-guide/prompt-injection-llm", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "What is prompt injection? Example attacks, defenses and testing.", "snippet": "In this guide, we’ll cover examples of prompt injection attacks, risks that are involved, and techniques you can use to protect LLM apps. You will also learn how to test your AI system against prompt injection risks.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page defines injection as untrusted user or retrieved content overriding system instructions and recommends layered defenses: “isolate untrusted input, limit permissions, monitor outputs, and restrict agent actions.”", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-047", "tier": "L3", "q": "PyTorch 2.0 release date", "gold_answer": "PyTorch 2.0 was released on March 15, 2023 (official PyTorch release/GitHub tag v2.0.0).", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PyTorch - Wikipedia", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 6000, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The supplied text lists PyTorch’s original release as September 2016 and a later stable release, but does not state that version 2.0.0 was released on March 15, 2023.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://pytorch.org/blog/pytorch-2-0-release/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page is dated “March 15, 2023” and states, “We are excited to announce the release of PyTorch 2.0,” directly supporting the release date.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://www.exxactcorp.com/blog/Deep-Learning/PyTorch-2-Preview", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "PyTorch 2.0 Preview", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The page only predicts that the stable release was “slotted for March 2023”; it does not state the specific release date of March 15, 2023.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-048", "tier": "L3", "q": "Who maintains the ripgrep project", "gold_answer": "ripgrep is primarily maintained by Andrew Gallant (BurntSushi) on GitHub.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://ripgrep.dev/docs/faq/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Just a moment...", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 5996, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 1.0, "rationale": "The page explicitly says, “ripgrep is primarily maintained by Andrew Gallant (BurntSushi),” exactly stating the gold answer.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://ripgrep.dev/about/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Just a moment...", "snippet": "", "text_chars": 2622, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.93, "rationale": "The text says ripgrep “was created by Andrew Gallant (known online as BurntSushi)” and references “BurntSushi/ripgrep,” but it does not state that he currently or primarily maintains the project.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "GitHub - BurntSushi/ripgrep: ripgrep recursively searches directories for a regex pattern while respecting your gitignore · GitHub", "snippet": "ripgrep recursively searches directories for a regex pattern while respecting your gitignore - BurntSushi/ripgrep", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.95, "rationale": "The text identifies the repository as “BurntSushi / ripgrep,” but it does not state that BurntSushi is Andrew Gallant or that he primarily maintains the project.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-049", "tier": "L3", "q": "Official Kubernetes security announcements / CVE channel vs random aggregators", "gold_answer": "Official Kubernetes security announcements and CVE disclosures are published through Kubernetes’ official security channels (e.g. kubernetes.io security / official mailing lists and disclosure process), not random third-party aggregators as the primary source.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 1, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://v1-32.docs.kubernetes.io/docs/reference/issues-security/official-cve-feed/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Official CVE Feed | Kubernetes Official CVE Feed | Kubernetes", "snippet": "FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.27 [beta] This is a community maintained list of official CVEs announced by the Kubernetes Security Response Committee. See Kubernetes Security and Disclosure Information for more details. The Kubernetes project publishes a programmatically accessible feed of published security issues in JSON feed and RSS feed formats. You can access it by executing the following commands: JSON feed RSS feed Link to JSON format curl -Lv https://k8s.io/docs/reference/issues-security/official-cve-feed/index.json Link to RSS format", "text_chars": 5998, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The snippet calls this a “community maintained list of official CVEs announced by the Kubernetes Security Response Committee” and says the Kubernetes project publishes accessible JSON and RSS feeds of security issues.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/issues-security/official-cve-feed/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Official CVE Feed | Kubernetes", "snippet": "Feature state: Beta since Kubernetes v1.27 This is a community maintained list of official CVEs announced by the Kubernetes Security Response Committee. See Kubernetes Security and Disclosure Information for more details. The Kubernetes project publishes a programmatically accessible feed of published security issues in JSON feed and RSS feed formats. You can access it by executing the following commands: JSON feed RSS feed Link to JSON format", "text_chars": 5995, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The page identifies an “Official CVE Feed” and says it lists “official CVEs announced by the Kubernetes Security Response Committee,” with feeds published by the Kubernetes project.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/issues-security/security/", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Kubernetes Security and Disclosure Information | Kubernetes", "snippet": "This page describes Kubernetes security and disclosure information. Security AnnouncementsJoin the kubernetes-security-announce group for emails about security and major API announcements. Report a VulnerabilityWe're extremely grateful for security researchers and users that report vulnerabilities to the Kubernetes Open Source Community. All reports are thoroughly investigated by a set of community volunteers. To make a report, submit your vulnerability to the Kubernetes bug bounty program. This allows triage and handling of the vulnerability with standardized response times.", "text_chars": 5997, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.98, "rationale": "The supplied snippet directs users to the “kubernetes-security-announce group” for security-announcement emails and describes the official Kubernetes vulnerability-reporting and investigation process, establishing Kubernetes’ own security channels as the disclosure source.", "error": null}]}
{"id": "p1-050", "tier": "L3", "q": "Stripe Tax vs Stripe Tax Calculations API distinction", "gold_answer": "Stripe Tax is Stripe’s product for calculating/collecting tax in payments flows; Stripe’s Tax Calculations API is the API surface for performing tax calculations (often used with Tax). Official Stripe docs distinguish the Tax product vs the Calculations API endpoints.", "arm": "agent_seek", "k": 3, "hit": true, "first_hit_rank": 2, "error": null, "pages": [{"rank": 1, "url": "https://docs.stripe.com/tax/custom", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Standalone Tax APIs | Stripe Documentation", "snippet": "Use the standalone Tax Calculations and Transactions APIs for advanced options including shipping costs, IP address estimation, tax-inclusive pricing, existing customers, taxability overrides, ship-from addresses, retail delivery fees, and detailed tax breakdowns.", "text_chars": 5994, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.82, "rationale": "The page explains that standalone Tax Calculations and Transactions APIs calculate tax, record transactions, and work with PaymentIntents or off-Stripe payments, but it does not explicitly contrast them with Stripe Tax as the payment-flow product.", "error": null}, {"rank": 2, "url": "https://docs.stripe.com/tax/payment-intent/custom", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Custom Stripe Tax API | Stripe Documentation", "snippet": "Use the Stripe Tax API with PaymentIntents for full control over tax calculations, transactions and line-item reversals. This integration gives you manual control over when tax transactions are recorded and how refunds are handled.", "text_chars": 5999, "states_gold_answer": true, "confidence": 0.96, "rationale": "The page distinguishes built-in Stripe Tax integrations for Checkout, Invoicing, and Subscriptions from the custom Tax API, which “enable[s] you to calculate tax in custom payment flows,” and shows the `/v1/tax/calculations` endpoint.", "error": null}, {"rank": 3, "url": "https://support.stripe.com/questions/understanding-stripe-tax-pricing?locale=en-GB", "evidence": "page_text", "title": "Understanding Stripe Tax pricing : Stripe: Help & Support", "snippet": "Stripe Tax offers two plans: Tax Complete offers tax registrations, calculations, collections and filings, and is priced as a monthly subscription…", "text_chars": 57, "states_gold_answer": false, "confidence": 0.99, "rationale": "The snippet describes Stripe Tax plans and capabilities, including calculations and collections, but does not mention the Tax Calculations API or distinguish that API surface from the Stripe Tax product.", "error": null}]}